Comfrey
Book: Volume 2
Cultivation of Comfrey
Medicinal and Food Uses for People and Livestock
448 pages, 8.5" x 11", Paperback
Published 2022
Table of Contents, Part E (long version)
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PART E: COMFREY AS MEDICINE AND HUMAN FOOD
Chapter 23: Medicinal Comfrey Overview...page 81
Types of Herbal Preparations
Commercial Preparations of Comfrey
Defining Medicinal Effects of Comfrey
Combination of Ingredients in Comfrey Plant
Old Remedies and Current Medicine Overview
Herbalist Recommendations
Overview
1800s, 1900s, 2000s
Chinese Medicine and Comfrey
Ayurvedic Medicine and Comfrey
Physician Recommendations
Chapter 24: Medical Research about Comfrey & Healing...page 101
More Research Needed
Overview of Topical (Skin) Applications
Positive Medical Research about Comfrey
Anti-Bacterial (see Infection)
Antifungal
Anti-Inflammatory (see Inflammation)
Anti-Microbial (see Infection)
Antioxidant Properties
Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
Blunt Trauma / Injury (see Bruises or see Sprains)
Broken Bones
Bruises (Contusions, Blunt Injury)
Burns
Cancer (also see Tumors)
Eczema and Psorasis
Infection
Inflammation
Joint Pain
Muscle Soreness
Muscle Tension
Nerve Injury
Osteoarthritis
Pain in General
Pain in Back and Neck
Pressure Sores
Rheumatism
Skin Health
Skin Redness
Skin- Ulcers
Sports Fatigue
Sprains and Blunt Injury
Tumors Reduced (also see Cancer)
Ulcer: Gastric / Dueodenal
Varicose Veins
Wounds- Abrasion (scrapes)
Chapter 25: Personal / Clinical Observations of Healing...page 127
Overview of Comfrey as Healer
Abscess or Boil (skin)
Anal Itching
Anemia
Arthritis
Athletes Foot (fungus)
Bedsores
Bites (see Stings)
Bladder and Urinary Problems (also see Kidneys)
Blood and Circulation; Blood Pressure
Boil (see Abscess)
Breast (see Mastitis)
Bones (see Broken Bones and see Osteoporosis)
Broken Bones (also see Osteoporosis)
Bruises (see Cuts)
Burns (heat, sun)
Bursitis
Calcium Deficiency
Cancer and Tumors
Chicken Pox Itching
Cold (see Cough)
Constipation (see Diarrhea)
Cough, Cold, Sore Throat
Cuts / Bruises / Sprains
Dental (see Mouth)
Diarrhea and Constipation
Eczema and Psorasis
Eyes
Feet
Female Problems (see Mastitis or Vagina)
Hair
Headache
Hemorrhoids
Hernia
Inflammation (see Swelling)
Kidneys (also see Bladder)
Liver
Lungs (also see Pleurisy; see Cough / Cold / Sore Throat)
Mastitis and Breast Problems
Mouth / Dental
Nails
Neuralgia, Nerve Pain
Oral (see Mouth)
Osteoporosis (also see Broken Bones)
Pleurisy (also see Lungs)
Rash (Skin)
Rheumatism
Skin Health (also see Rash)
Skin Injuries
Skin: Stretch Marks
Skin Ulcer
Sore Throat (see Cough)
Sprains (see Cuts)
Stings and Bites (insects, nettle plant)
Swelling
Teeth (see Mouth)
Tonsillitis
Tumor (see Cancer)
Ulcer: Gastric or Duodenal (Stomach & Intestines)
Urinary (see Bladder)
Vagina: Dry, Healing/Tearing, Discharge
Varicose Veins and Inflammation of Veins
Wounds (also see Skin Injuries or see Cuts)
Chapter 26: Comfrey Heals: Allantoin...page 155
What is Allantoin?
Where Allantoin is Found in Comfrey
Seasonal Variations of Allantoin
Amounts of Allantoin in Comfrey Leaves
Russian Comfrey Leaf Allantoin
Symphytum Officinale Leaf Allantoin
Amounts of Allantoin in Comfrey Root
Russian Comfrey Root Allantoin
Symphytum Officinale Root Allantoin
Health Benefits of Allantoin
Allantoin is Not Antiseptic/Antibiotic
Allantoin Increases Phagocytosis and Leucocytosis
Solubility, Stability, Heat Sensitivity of Allantoin
Chapter 27: Making and Using Comfrey Medicine...page 166
Medicinal Gathering of Comfrey Leaves and Roots
Drying and Processing Comfrey Roots
(Drying Comfrey Leaves: see ‘Comfrey Tea’, Chapter 32)
Making Comfrey Flour from Leaves and Roots
Storing Dried Comfrey
Dosages of Comfrey
Comfrey Medicine Overview
Alkaloids in Comfrey Medicine Overview
includes Harvest Time
Comfrey Powder
Comfrey Extract to Make Tinctures and Powder
Definition of Extract and Tincture
How to Make Comfrey Extract as Tincture
Extracting Constituents by Alcohol, Water & Others
Comfrey Extract Formulas
Comfrey Fermentation
Comfrey Syrup
Comfrey Lozenges or Cough Drops
Comfrey Bolus or Suppository
Comfrey Oil Infusion
Comfrey Ointment, Cream or Salve
Ointment or Cream from Comfrey Root
Ointment, Cream or Salve from Comfrey Leaves
Comfrey Compress or Fomentation
Comfrey Poultices
Comfrey Flour Poultice
Chopped Leaf Poultice
Comfrey Root Poultice
Comfrey Baths and Soaks
Drawing Bath
Sitz / Hip Bath
Homeopathic Comfrey
Comfrey Flower Essences and Remedies
Chapter 28: Warnings and Negative Reactions to Comfrey...page 199
Negative Reactions to Comfrey (Side Effects)
Individual Differences in Reactions to Alkaloids
Age and Alkaloid Susceptibility
Kidney Function and Alkaloid Susceptibility
Liver Function and Alkaloid Susceptibility
Genetic Variation & Alkaloid Susceptibility: Cytochrome
Drugs & Herbs that Increase Cytochrome P450 Levels
Drugs & Herbs that Decrease Cytochrome P450 Levels
Drugs Metabolized by Cytochrome P450
Diet and Alkaloid Susceptibility: Glutathione
Food with Glutathione
Low Protein Diet and Glutathione Levels
Alcoholism and Low Glutathione Levels
Sulfur and Selenium Needed to Make Glutathione
Environment and Alkaloid Susceptibility
Drug and Herb Interactions with Comfrey
Caution When Using These Herbs with Comfrey
Do Not Use with Drug/Herb with Alkaloids or Harm Liver
Other Drugs Not to be Used with Comfrey
Comfrey Affecting Lab Test Results
Heavy Metals and Comfrey
Diagnosis of Herbal Hepatotoxicity
Chapter 29: Alkaloids in Comfrey: Overview, Types, Detection, Amounts, Food...page 216
Warning about Alkaloids
Definition of Alkaloid and Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
Some Alkaloids are More Toxic Than Others
Metabolic Pathways of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
Alkaloids Become Toxic when Metabolised by Liver
Solubility, Stability, Heat Sensitivity of Alkaloids
Detecting Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Herbal Products
Detecting Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid in Humans
Symptoms of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Poisoning
Alkaloids in Comfrey Develop in Roots and Flowers
Research 1970s-1980s Types/Percent Alkaloids in Comfrey
Research 1990s on Types & Percent Alkaloids in Comfrey
Research 2000s on Types & Percent Alkaloids in Comfrey
Symphytum officinale and Echimidine
Human Foods with Alkaloids
Honey and Alkaloids
Eggs and Alkaloids
Milk, Meat, Grain and Alkaloids
Chapter 30: Alkaloids in Comfrey: Scientific Studies and Various Perspectives...page 247
Scientific Studies Showing Dangers of Alkaloids in Comfrey
with some Rebuttals such as:
-‘Toxicity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids’ by Mattocks, 1968.
-‘An Outbreak of Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease in North-Western Afghanistan’ by Mohabbat, 1976.
-‘Carcinogenic Activity of Symphytum Officinale’ by Hirono, 1978.
-‘Comfrey and Liver Damage’ by Roitman, 1981.
-‘Comfrey: Assessing Low-Dose Health Risk’ by Abbott, 1988.
-‘Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease Associated with Comfrey Ingestion’ by Yeong, 1990.
-‘Determination of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Commercial Comfrey Products’ by Betz, 1994.
-‘Analysis of Herbal Teas Made from the Leaves of Comfrey’ by Oberlies, 2004.
-‘Toxicity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids to Humans and Ruminants’ by Wiedenfeld, 2011.
Scientific Studies and Indirect Evidence of Low Risk
More Alkaloid Research is Needed
Proper Botanical Identification is Needed
Examples of Wrong Identification
Flawed Experimental Design
Inaccurate Statements: Poor Understanding of Research
Putting Alkaloids in Perspective
Comfrey with Low or No Alkaloids
Chapter 31: Some Uses of Comfrey are Restricted by Governments...page 291
Overview of Legal Restrictions by Governments
Australia Bans Sale of Comfrey for Internal Use
1984, 1986, 1988, 2011
Response to Decision: Comfrey on Poison Schedule
Canada Bans Sale of Some Comfrey for Internal Use
1982, 1984, 1986-1989, 1993, 1997, 2003
2004, 2007-2009, 2011
United States Regulates Sale of Comfrey for Internal Use
USA 1990: FDA Tests Comfrey Products
USA 1994: Dietary Supplement & Health Education Act
USA 1996: AHPA Recommends Restricting Comfrey
USA 1998: USP Discourages Internal Use of Comfrey
USA 2001: FDA Bans Sale of Comfrey for Internal Use
USA 2006: Adverse Effects from Dietary Supplements
USA 2007: Good Manufacturing Practices
USA 2007, 2008: Regulations & Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
USA 2011: New Dietary Ingredients
USA 2011: Comfrey Sold Under ‘Dietary Supplement Act’
USA 2013: Comfrey Extracts and Safety
USA 2015, 2016: Supplement Claims and Safety
United Kingdom Bans Some Uses of Comfrey
1984, 1992, 1993, 2004, 2005, 2013, 2016
Germany Bans Some Uses of Comfrey
1992, 1996, 2004
German Commission E Monographs
European Union: Comfrey Medicinal Regulations
1992, 2001, 2004, 2011, 2015
Chapter 32: Humans Eating Comfrey...page 316
Humans Eating Comfrey Overview
Overview of Many Ways to Eat Comfrey
Reasonable Eating of Comfrey
Eat Small or Large Leaves
Eat Small Leaves Because Tender
Eat Large Leaves Because Less Alkaloids
Ways to Eat Comfrey
Raw Comfrey Leaves and Flowers in Salad
Comfrey Cooked Alone
Comfrey Soup and Stew
Baked Comfrey
Comfrey Bread, Pasta, and Flour
Vegetables/Fruit and Comfrey
Frying and Dry Roasting Comfrey
Green Drinks
Root with Sweeteners
Root Wine
Beer and Ale
Comfrey Tea (Infusion or Decoction)
Overview of Extracting Substances from Comfrey
Drying Leaves for Comfrey Tea
(see ‘Comfrey as Hay’, Chapter 21)
Making Comfrey Tea
Comfrey Protein Concentrates
Chapter 33: Miscellaneous Uses of Comfrey...page 338
Tannins in Comfrey
Leather and Tanning
Spinning
Comfrey is a Natural Dye
Comfrey Soap
Comfrey Toiletries and Cosmetics
Smoking and Vaporizing Comfrey
Making Paper with Comfrey
Wildlife and Fire Protection
Feed Worms
As Energy Source (Biofuel)
Protection During a Journey
Improve Finances
Astrology
Increase Fertility and Help Pregnancy
Comfrey, Minnesota
Comfrey Postage Stamps
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